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Fungal sinusitis includes non-invasive types like fungal ball and AFRS, and invasive forms such as acute and chronic invasive disease. AFRS occurs in immunocompetent atopic patients with nasal polyps, while invasive forms affect immunocompromised hosts, causing rapid tissue invasion and complications. Diagnosis uses endoscopy, imaging, and histology. AFRS is managed with surgery and steroids, while invasive cases require urgent debridement, antifungals, and immune recovery.

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea affects 1–5% of children, most commonly due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, which narrows the airway and causes recurrent obstruction during sleep. Symptoms include snoring, apneas, restless sleep, and daytime behavioral issues. Polysomnography is the diagnostic gold standard. Adenotonsillectomy remains first-line treatment, with CPAP, weight control, or medical therapy for residual disease. Early intervention prevents neurocognitive and cardiopulmonary sequelae.