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Cochlear implants (CIs) restore hearing in severe-to-profound sensorineural loss unresponsive to aids by bypassing damaged hair cells and directly stimulating cochlear neurons. Indications now include children ≥12 months, asymmetric loss, and single-sided deafness. Early use improves speech, language, and learning. Advances in surgery, electrode design, and hybrid stimulation preserve residual hearing. Long-term studies confirm lasting gains in communication, integration, and quality of life.